History of Community Medicine

MUG UP & VOMIT

IMPORTANT FOR NEET & DNB

John Snow

• Father of  Modern Epidemiology
• Cholera : Mode Of Transmission
• “Shoe leather epidemiology” : house to house survey
• Spot map study
• Discovery was a natural experiment

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Edward Jenner

• Small Pox vaccine (1st vaccine)
• Term vaccination
• Term vaccine: Louis Pasteur

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Albert Bruce Sabin

• OPV
• JE vaccine

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Robert Koch

• Koch’s postulates
• TB bacillus
• Detail in Microbiology

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Hansen

• Discovery of the Mycobacterium leprae
• First identification of bacteria as the causative agent of a human disease

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James Lind

• Scurvy Trial (Citrus fruits prevent scurvy)
• 1st ever clinical trial

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Ronald Ross

• Ronald Ross- Life cycle of plasmodium  within anopheles
• Noble Prize

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Charles Alphonso Laveran

• Nobel prize
• Cause of malaria is a protozoan (discovered malaria parasite)
• First time that protozoa were shown to be a cause of disease
• Also studied trypanosomes(sleeping sickness)

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Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

• Puerperial Sepsis
• Hand Washing

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Joseph William Bhore: Bhore Committee 

Edwin Chadwick

• Enactment of public health act, 1848 in London
• 1st ever act to deal with sanitation
• 
  

Chinese Medicine

• Pioneer of immunization
• Bare foot doctors
• Acupuncture
• 1st organized system of medicine

Some Important Theories

Important Fathers in Medical History

First countries

Location of important Institutes

Ministries related to public health

Ministries Related to Public Health

GPS- GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

Where we are????

What is GPS?

·         GPS is satellite based navigation system made up of a network of 24-satellites placed into orbit by U.S.  Department Of Defense.

·         Main Task: - Navigation.

·         Position: - Network of 24-satellites.

HISTORY

·         First GPS satellite was called GPS block-I launched in 1978.

·         Basic purpose was for defense.

·         System of 24-satellites was achieved in 1994.

GPS SEGMENTS

WORKING OF GPS

GPS RECEIVER

ACCURACY

• The GPS receivers are extremely accurate due to its multi-channel design.

•  Its time signals are too much accurate.

•  There is a difference of around 15 meters from the object.

ADVANTAGES

·         GIS conversion is simple.

·         Data collection costs are lower.

·         Feature visual inspection is possible while gathering data.

·         Data gathering is possible 24-hours any time and anywhere.  

·         Unaffected by weather.

DISADVANTAGES

• Requires training and retraining as technology changes.
• Buildings can block satellite signals.
• Heavy foliage and thick branched trees can attenuate and/or block satellite signals
• Requires careful attention to system.

APPLICATIONS OF GPS

• DEFERENCE

• GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

•  AUTOMOBILES

DEFERENCE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

AUTOMOBILES

CURRENT RESEARCH & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

• Earthquake monitoring
• GPS management & technological innovations will make GPS surveying easier & accurate
• GPS is poised to become most revolutionary positioning technique of new century
• Soon use it like cell-phone.

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